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Gender discrimination in the Canadian Military
Women currently make up 14.8% of the Canadian Armed Forces, and are theoretically eligible to serve in all occupational specialties. The last occupational ban for females in the military, which restricted women from serving aboard submarines, was lifted in 2001.〔Government of Canada, National Defense and the Canadian Armed Forces. Online:〕 Nonetheless, women constitute a mere 2.4% of combat arms,〔Government of Canada, National Defense and the Canadian Armed Forces. Online:〕 and there are currently no women that serve in combat specialties within special operations forces.〔Harries-Jenkins, Gwyn “Institution to Occupation to Diversity, Gender in the Military Today” in Franklin C. Pinch, Allister T. MacIntyre, Phyllis Browne, Alan C. Okros. Challenge and Change in the Military: Gender and Diversity Issues” (2004) Kingston, Ontario: Canadian Defence Academy Press, at p.35,36.〕〔Government of Canada, National Defense and the Canadian Armed Forces. Online:〕 Females who obtain officer status are mainly concentrated in the personnel and nursing fields, and no female has ever served as the head of an operational unit.〔Gauthier v. Canada (Canadian Armed Forces) () C.H.R.D. No. 3() D.C.D.P. No 3 at para 30.〕
==Historical overview of women in the Canadian Armed Forces==
Women have played a role in the Canadian Forces for over 100 years. During World War II, women were restricted to non-combative positions such as nursing, cooking, communication, logistics, and administration.〔Franklin C. Pinch, Allister T. MacIntyre, Phyllis Browne, Alan C. Okros. “Challenge and Change in the Military: Gender and Diversity Issues.” (2004) Kingston, Ontario: Canadian Defence Academy Press, at p.30.〕 In 1971, following the recommendations from the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, the Canadian Armed Forces sought to expand the range of positions women could fill. Women became employable as vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. When the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1985, the Canadian Armed Forces’ policies were amended to allow women to serve at sea, in army service battalions, field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons. By 1987, women were permitted to occupy direct combat posts on the ground and at sea.〔Government of Canada, National Defense and the Canadian Armed Forces. Online:〕 While equality legislation was being passed, the Defense Minister conducted many trials on Service Women in Non- Traditional Environments and Roles, known as the SWINTER Trials. The minister sought to examine women’s performance at positions typically reserved for males, as well as how the mixed gender group performed as a whole, in order to ascertain whether operative efficiency was undermined.〔Gauthier v. Canada (Canadian Armed Forces) () C.H.R.D. No. 3
() D.C.D.P. No 3 at para 37.〕
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